9/14/2023 0 Comments Enspire formula samplesNeuroinflammation is one of the most important causes of neuronal death (Magid-Bernstein et al., 2022), the immune cells activated after ICH release inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, aggravating brain injury (Tschoe et al., 2020). PBI could be due to the compression and space occupation of an ICH hematoma, while SBI is mainly caused by toxic damage to the brain tissue by the components of a hematoma and its metabolites after ICH. Studies have shown that ICH pathology can be divided into two types: primary brain injury (PBI) and secondary brain injury (SBI) (Wu et al., 2020 Xue and Yong, 2020). Therefore, identifying effective drugs for treating ICH is essential. Despite the advancement in understanding the cause and pathophysiology of ICH, its treatment remains challenging for neurologists (Hostettler et al., 2019). Moreover, patients with ICH demonstrate less functional independence, with only 12–39% of survivors living independently (Poon et al., 2014, van Asch et al., 2010). The incidence of ICH increases with age, with reported one- and five-year mortalities of 46% and 29%, respectively. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a non-traumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage causing high mortality and poor outcomes.
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